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- The Greeks vs. Their Gods in Hippolytus
-
- The play Hippolytus by the Greek playwright Euripides is one which
- explores classical Greek religion. Throughout the play, the influence
- of the gods on the actions of the characters is evident, especially when
- Aphrodite affects the actions of Phaedra. Also central to the plot is
- the god-god interactions between Artemis and Aphrodite. In this essay,
- I hope to provide answers to how the actions of Hippolytus and Phaedra
- relate to the gods, whether or not the characters concern themselves
- with the reaction of the gods to their behavior, what the characters
- expect from the gods, how the gods treat the humans, and whether or not
- the gods gain anything from making the humans suffer.
- Before we can discuss the play, however, a few terms need to be
- defined. Most important would be the nature of the gods. They have
- divine powers, but what exactly makes the Greek gods unique should be
- explored. The Greek gods, since they are anthropomorphic, have many of
- the same characteristics as humans. One characteristic of the gods
- which is apparent is jealousy. Aphrodite seems to be jealous of Artemis
- because Hippolytus worships Artemis as the greatest of all gods, while
- he tends to shy away from worshipping Aphrodite (10-16). This is
- important because it sets in motion the actions of the play when
- Aphrodite decides to get revenge on Hippolytus. The divine relationship
- between the gods is a bit different, however. Over the course of the
- play, Artemis does not interfere in the actions of Aphrodite, which
- shows that the gods, while divine, do have restrictions; in this case,
- it shows the gods cannot interfere with each other. (1328-1330) The
- gods are sometimes evil and revengeful, though, as can seen by what
- Artemis has to say about Aphrodite: "IÆll wait till she loves a mortal
- next time, and with this hand - with these unerring arrows IÆll punish
- him." (1420-1422)
- The relationship of mankind and the gods also needs to be discussed.
- This relationship seems to be a sort of give-and-take relationship, in
- part. The Greeks believed that if they gave to the gods, through prayer
- and sacrifices, that the gods would help them out. This is especially
- true of Hippolytus and his almost excessive worship of Artemis. Also,
- Theseus praying to his father Poseidon is another example of this, only
- Theseus actually gets what he prays for. (887-890) Just because
- mankind worshipped the gods, however did not mean that the gods had any
- sort of obligation to help out the humans. Artemis did nothing to
- protect Hippolytus from being killed. But not all relations between the
- gods and mankind were positive from the humansÆ standpoint. Since
- Aphrodite is angry with Hippolytus for not worshipping her, she decides
- to punish him by making Phaedra love him, then making it seem that he
- rapes her, when she actually hangs herself, whether that is through her
- own actions or is the doing of Aphrodite.
- The thoughts and actions of Hippolytus and Phaedra certainly are
- irrational at times. After all, a stepmother falling in love with her
- stepson is unlikely, but probably even less acceptable. This is
- directly related to the gods. What Aphrodite does to Phaedra certainly
- causes her to do some strange things. For instance, first Phaedra seems
- to go crazy, and then she decides to hide her new-found love for
- Hippolytus from the nurse. Later, though, she decides to tell the
- nurse, and when she finds that the nurse has told Hippolytus, decides
- that the only logical course of action is to kill herself. This action
- is certainly related to the gods because Aphrodite makes it look as if
- PhaedraÆs suicide is really the fault of Hippolytus. Some of
- HippolytusÆ actions are related to the gods as well. When Theseus
- discovers that Phaedra is dead and decides to exile Hippolytus,
- Hippolytus does object to his banishment, but eventually he stops
- arguing with his father. At this point, he prays to the gods that he be
- killed in exile if he is guilty of the death of Phaedra. It is also
- possible he may be expecting Artemis to help him out, though she does
- nothing until he is on the verge of death.
- The characters do worry about how the gods react to them at times.
- Hippolytus does not seem to concern himself much with how Aphrodite
- reacts to his behavior. At the beginning of the play, the old man
- questions HippolytusÆ decision not to worship Aphrodite, but Hippolytus
- really does not worry that he may be making Aphrodite angry. He does
- care how Artemis reacts, however, because he is hoping to keep her happy
- so that she may help him out if he should need it. Theseus certainly
- concerns himself with how the gods react, since he needs Poseidon to
- send a bull to go kill his son. At the end of the play he does care
- what Artemis has to say about him killing his son. He believes that he
- should be the one to die, though Artemis is able to convince him that he
- was fooled by the gods. Phaedra, on the other hand, really is in no
- position to care much about how the gods react to what she does. This
- is because she is under the control of Aphrodite. Aphrodite makes her
- love Hippolytus, it certainly is not of her own free will.
- As far as what the characters expect from their gods, it varies by
- person. Theseus, being the son of Poseidon, was supposedly given three
- curses by his father, and he expects Poseidon to help him out and kill
- Hippolytus. (887-889) Hippolytus never really expects anything specific
- from Artemis during the play, but he does tell the gods that he should
- die in exile if he is guilty of the rape of Phaedra. Even as he is
- dying , he does not expect Artemis to help him. Interestingly, he even
- apologizes to his father and to Artemis for causing them to suffer
- because of his death. Phaedra wishes that her judgment had not be
- interfered with by the Aphrodite, because she is the one who caused
- Phaedra to fall in love with Hippolytus.
- The gods treat human beings more or less as pawns to do with as they
- please. It seems like it is all a game to them. In Hippolytus, it is
- game of revenge between Aphrodite and Artemis. Aphrodite interferes in
- the life of Hippolytus, someone loved by Artemis, then Artemis vows to
- take revenge on Aphrodite to avenge the death of Hippolytus. Despite
- the fact that he worships her above all others, she still does not help
- him out throughout the entire play. This indicates that Artemis may not
- care for him as much as we are led to believe. She says she would take
- revenge, but there is no guarantee it will happen. From this, we can
- see that the gods often did not treat the humans very well. In a way,
- Poseidon treats Theseus well by granting his wish for the death of
- Hippolytus. This joy is short-lived, however, when he discovers that he
- has been fooled by the tricks of Aphrodite. Why the gods would treat
- the humans this way is a somewhat complicated question. An easy answer
- would be that they have the power to do to the humans what the please.
- But there are other reasons as well. For instance, the theme of revenge
- plays a major role in the plot. The actions of Aphrodite against
- Hippolytus are motivated by revenge. The gods, at least in Hippolytus,
- are not malicious and wanting humans to suffer for no good reason.
- Therefore, the most important reason for gods treating humans the way
- they do is that they are reacting to the actions of humans; this is
- especially true of AphroditeÆs reaction to HippolytusÆs failure to
- worship her.
- The gods must derive something from the suffering of the humans;
- otherwise there is no point in making them suffer. In this case, the
- gods derive both sorrow and joy from the suffering of the characters.
- Aphrodite certainly is happy that Hippolytus suffered and died through
- her own actions, and that she causes Theseus to suffer as well by taking
- his son away. On the other hand, she probably does not care much that
- she also caused the death of Phaedra. Phaedra only serves as a pawn to
- get revenge on Hippolytus. Aphrodite only cares to punish Hippolytus,
- and she would have used Phaedra in whatever capacity necessary to get
- that revenge. Artemis, however, is saddened by the loss of Hippolytus:
- "You and I are the chief sufferers Theseus." (1337) Because of this,
- she vows to avenge HippolytusÆ death, and also tells him that he will
- not be forgotten by future generations of Greeks, that his name will
- live on in glory.
- Interestingly, Hippolytus wis able to forgive his father even
- though his father caused his death. That should not be surprising,
- because he realizes that his father was fooled by the gods, and being an
- irrational human, could not really be expected to know he was being
- tricked. Also, Artemis does not blame Theseus for the death of his son:
- "It is natural for men to err when they are blinded by gods."
- (1433-1434) The most important thing that the ending shows is that
- sometimes the gods do care what happens to the humans. It also shows
- how easily the power of the gods, particularly that of Poseidon, could
- be misused because Theseus gets what he prays for, the death of his son,
- but it is not really what he wanted.
- Two major themes are present in Hippolytus: revenge and forgiveness.
- Almost the entire plot of the play is based on revenge. There is the
- revenge between gods and humans, and humans and humans. Initially, we
- have Aphrodite wanting revenge on Hippolytus for worshipping Artemis and
- not her, which of course sets in motion the actions of the play. Then
- we have the revenge of Theseus against Hippolytus, when he believes that
- his son raped his wife and killed her. This does not end up as revenge,
- however, as Theseus eventually suffers as a result of his sonÆs death.
- One final form of revenge comes at the end of the play, when Artemis
- vows to avenge the death of Hippolytus by interfering with a human loved
- by Aphrodite. It is all a vicious cycle of revenge. This same story
- could very easily happen again if Artemis does avenge his death. Also,
- forgiveness is an important theme. Even though his father is
- responsible for his death, Hippolytus is nevertheless able to forgive
- him. This comes from the realization that his father had been deceived
- by the gods. In the end, this proves once again that the Greeks were at
- the mercy of their gods and that they had to try to live their life the
- best they could in spite of that fact.